ie School of Architecture

ie School of Architecture lo descubrió en febrero de 2010

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estudio de arquitetctura

Hani Rashid and Lise Anne Couture, founders and principals of Asymptote Architecture, are leading architectural practitioners of their generation whose innovative work and academic contributions have received international acclaim. Since Asymptote’s founding in 1989, the practice has been at the forefront of technological innovation in the fields of architecture and design. Asymptote has earned recognition for important built projects in Europe the UAE and the US as well as praise and awards for visionary building designs, master planning, art installations, exhibition and product design, and ground breaking digital spatial environments.

ie School of Architecture lo descubrió en octubre de 2009

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By 1830, the use of cast iron as internal structure was a fact. However all the buildings had an external enclosure, to protect the building from
weather, fire, and they provided the building against overturning. The skeleton frame has not enclosure at all, and it needs by itself to bear the loads and provide stability.

They afford this with 4 different methods:
1- Rigid connections between columns and beams (Hungerford Fish Market,1833 by Charles Fowler). Usually accomplished by interior masonry (or concrete) stair towers and elevator shafts that creates a vertical rigid core that resists deformation and torsion of the building due to external lateral forces.
2-Shear Walls - Exterior (or interior) walls built of masonry or concrete that act as a vertical cantilever beam resisting lateral loads. Problems - may interfere with exterior windows, labor intensive, heavy.
3-Moment-Resisting Beam-to-Column Connections - Typically accomplished by fabricating extra connection angles, welds and bolts that greatly increase the rigidity of the connection. Problems - extremely labor intensive and expensive.
4-Diagonal Bracing: The addition of diagonal "X" or "K" bracing that resists lateral loads. Problems - may interfere with exterior windows.. It was very used in railway stations
(Pennsylvania State railway, 1910).
Crystal Palace, with no enclosure at all, just glazing, Paxton, 1850. As an skeleton frame we can include the Eiffel tower, 1886.

The skeleton frame made the curtain walls and glazing possible, since all the dead loads are in the internal structure and not in the enclosure anymore.

The advantages of steel skeleton frame:
1. Can build very tall and wide (tallest buildings in the world)
2. Light weight and strong (much lighter and stronger than concrete)
3. Prefabricated - frames assemble quickly
4. Precise and predictable (excellent quality control)

Disadvantages of steel skeleton frame:
1. Steel is an expensive material (much more expensive than masonry or concrete)
2. Frames are unstable
3. Needs fire protection
4. Needs separate "skin" (walls and floors).

Connections while making a skeleton frame:
1 Rivets - Generally not used any more for reasons such as low strength, safety and poor quality control.
2 Bolts - Come in two varieties - carbon steel and high-strength. The carbon steel bolts obtain their strength through shear (or tension) along the shaft of the bolt only.
3 Welding - Welding is accomplished by mechanically joining steel together by heating electrodes into a molten state, which forms one piece from two. Creates extremely rigid connections. The most common type of weld used for building structures is the "fillet" weld, which joins pieces at right angles. It is common to shop-weld connection angles to beams and columns, then field-bolt them together at the job site.

ie School of Architecture lo descubrió en diciembre de 2009

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etiquetas: skeleton frame , steel

Home Insurance Building was erected in 1885, Illinois. The rchitect was William Le Baron Jenney, an engineer.

This building is the begining of curtain wall, as it is the first offices building in using a Skeleton frame made out of steel and iron.
The skeleton consists in horizontal beams and vertical columns, all made out of metal. It is said that it is not a pure steel framed structure since it rested partly on granite piers at the base and on a rear brick wall, to hold the building against wind.
It had 12 stories high, and it is consider as the first skyscraper.
Jenney discovered that steel frame could support a tall building as well as the stone walls could. The buildng weighed one-third as the same one built in masonry.
As the skeleton supported all dead loads in the building it was possible to start thinking about glazing skyscrapers, and do more and more openings until reach a completely glazed skyscraper.

ie School of Architecture lo descubrió en diciembre de 2009

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etiquetas: curtain wall , home insurance , le baron jenney , skeleton frame , steel

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etiquetas: rem koolhaas

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etiquetas: frank lloyd wright

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etiquetas: diller scofidio , paseo , walk

SOM - Skidmore, Owings and Merrill

ie School of Architecture lo descubrió en marzo de 2009

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The entrance sports dynamic Art Deco decor, whereas the 35-storey facade itself is non-ornamented, with glazed tiling (blue-green coloured terra-cotta brick that grades in hue as the building rises) between horizontal stripes of large, green metal-framed windows, giving an unprecedented amount of light. The more decorative top of the building, with the name of the company displayed in large Art Deco letters, is again less strict.
The use of horizontal bands of windows -- and disposing of the traditional masonry walls in favour of totally using the advantages of steel frame -- was dictated by the need to secure as much natural light as possible. The form of the building also follows the usage of its interior, with the lower floors housing the company's printing plant, with office floors occupying the tower above and executive floors at the top.
The lobby of the building is decorated with opaque Carrera glass and stainless steel.
The McGraw-Hill Building is a transitional building in terms of styling. Many aspects of the building suggest Streamline Moderne, the final phase of Art Deco. At the same time, it is cited as one of the first examples of the International Style in the United States.
Streamline Moderne aspects of the building include the blue-green terra cotta cladding as well as the strong horizontal lines. The blue-green color used in this building was a popular shade during the Art Deco era. The Eastern building in Los Angeles is also similar in color. While the building was under construction, the architect was very concerned about consistency with the shade of the blue-green terra-cotta bands. He personally inspected the shipments to insure that they were consistent with the other bands that had already gone up.
Although you can't tell from this picture, the ground floor is a combination of green, silver and gold. As the building rises, it quickly becomes the blue-green color you see in the picture. The drastic setback is a direct result of the zoning laws that were passed after the Equitable building was completed, but also a very typical aspect of Art Deco/Streamline Moderne skyscrapers..
The International Style, a book written by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, gave this new style a name and introduced it to the public. The book was written as a catalog to accompany an exhibit at the New York Museum of Modern Art, but became such an important book for this architecture movement that it is still published today. The book primarily focused on European architects and buildings since this is where the movement started. However, it does include a few buildings in the United States including the McGraw-Hill building.
This building can be classified as International Style primarily because of it's regularity and lack of applied ornamentation. You can see the future Modernist movement in this building.
In the 1970's McGraw-Hill decided to move their headquarters to Avenue of the Americas. Although the fate of the building was uncertain for a few years, Group Health Incorporated decided to use it for their corporate headquarters in 1974. GHI later moved out as well, but the building was then established enough to avoid any questions of its future.
Raymond M. Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an early-mid twentieth century architect who worked in the Art Deco style. He was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, educated at Brown University, MIT, and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. At the latter institution he met John Mead Howells, with whom Hood later partnered. Hood frequently employed architectural sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan both to create sculpture for his building and to make plasticine models of his projects.

ie School of Architecture lo descubrió en abril de 2009

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etiquetas: art deco , ceramic , raymond hood , steel , terracota

louis kahn, architect
1967-1972

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etiquetas: louis kahn